Perinatal Substance Abuse
Identifying maternal substance abuse can be challenging, as many women may not disclose their use due to fear of judgment or repercussions (Wendell, 2013, pp. 91–96). However, certain signs and symptoms may indicate substance use. These can include changes in behavior, such as increased irritability, mood swings, or social withdrawal. Physical signs might include needle marks, unusual sleep patterns, or unexplained weight loss. The presence of certain substances in the mother's system can be detected through urine or blood tests. It's important to remember that substance abuse is a complex issue, and a comprehensive assessment is necessary to determine the extent and nature of the problem. The specific effects on the fetus and newborn vary depending on the substance, dosage, and timing of exposure (Bailey & Diaz-Barbosa, 2018, pp. 550–559).
Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy and the postpartum period poses significant risks to both the mother and the child. The use of illicit drugs or excessive alcohol consumption can lead to various complications, including fetal malformations, premature birth, low birth weight, and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) (Bailey & Diaz-Barbosa, 2018, pp. 550–559; Filho et al., 2019, p. 63; Mendez-Reyes et al., 2024). The impact of substance abuse extends beyond the neonatal period, potentially affecting the child's neurodevelopment, behavior, and cognitive abilities (Bailey & Diaz-Barbosa, 2018, pp. 550–559; Manzano et al., 2016, pp. 1–5). There's evidence suggesting an increase in maternal fentanyl use during the COVID-19 pandemic, correlating with higher rates of preterm births and lower birth weights (Lien et al., 2023, pp. 664–669). Integrated treatment programs that address mental health, parenting skills, and substance abuse are crucial for improving outcomes for both mothers and their children (Augustyn et al., 2021, pp. 2106–2114).