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Perinatal Substance Abuse
Identifying maternal substance abuse can be challenging, as many women may not disclose their use due to fear of judgment or repercussions (Wendell, 2013, pp. 91–96). However, certain signs and symptoms may indicate substance use. These can include changes in behavior, such as increased irritability, mood swings, or social withdrawal. Physical signs might include needle marks, unusual sleep patterns, or unexplained weight loss. The presence of certain substances in the mother's system can be detected through urine or blood tests. It's important to remember that substance abuse is a complex issue, and a comprehensive assessment is necessary to determine the extent and nature of the problem. The specific effects on the fetus and newborn vary depending on the substance, dosage, and timing of exposure (Bailey & Diaz-Barbosa, 2018, pp. 550–559).